Glossary to Wycliffe’s New Testament

 

For many Middle English words given below, their most obvious, modern meaning is assumed; only a supplemental, perhaps unexpected, definition is given (e.g., “and: also”). Commas separate variations of the same meaning; semi-colons distinguish different definitions of the same word.  Underlined words are my replacements for “dead” or obsolete words.  All other words are found in a somewhat recognizable form in the “Wycliffe Bible”.

A

aback: back, backward.

abide: to remain; to wait for; to endure.

abode: (v) remained or lived at; waited for; endured.

above-ordaineth: to add to.

above-seeming: beyond grasp or measurement, ‘most excellent’ (also ‘over-seeming’).

abridge: to shorten.

accept(ed): acceptable.

acceptation: favourable reception, approval, ‘acceptance’.

acception: partiality, favour-itism, approval, ‘acceptance’.

acceptor: one who accepts or respects preferentially, ‘respecter’.

accord: to agree with, in concord with (also ‘accordeth’).

according: (n) an agreement.

accursed: cursed.

acknowledge: (v) to confess; to profess.

acknowledged: (n) friends and acquaintances, one’s ‘known’.

acknowledging: (n) ‘an acknowledgement’; the act of confession or profession.

acount: to count; to reckon (survives in ‘accounting’).

adder: viper.

adjure: to entreat, earnestly appeal to.

administration: ministry or service.

admonish: to reprove; to warn; to exhort.

adorn: to bring credit to; to add lustre to, improve the appearance of.

adown: down.

afeared: afraid.

after: according to.

again-begetting: being born again (also ‘again-begotten’).

again-bought: (v) redeemed.

again-buy: (v) to redeem.

again-buyer: redeemer.

again-newing: renewing.

again-promise: a promise.

again-raise: (v) to raise up; to resurrect.

again-rise: (v) to resurrect.

again-rising: resurrection.

again-said: ‘gainsaid’ or ‘said-again(st)’, opposed, resisted, or contradicted.

again-say: (v) ‘to gainsay’ or ‘say-again(st)’, to oppose, resist, or contradict (also ‘again-sayeth’).

again-saying: (n) ‘gainsaying’ or ‘saying-again(st)’, answering back, verbally opposing, resisting, contradicting.

against: directly opposite; to meet (sometimes with ‘to come’ or ‘to go’).

against-said: see ‘again-said’.

against-say: see ‘again-say’.

against-stand: (v) to ‘stand-against’, to physically resist, withstand, or oppose.

against-stood: ‘stood-against’, withstood, resisted, opposed.

again-ward: on the contrary; to the other side.

alarged: enlarged.

alder-highest: lit. the ‘senior-highest’, both ‘elder’ or ‘oldest’ highest, and ‘chief’ or ‘most’ highest (survives in ‘alderman’).

alien: (n) stranger, foreigner.

aliened: (v) estranged, alienated.

alighten: to bring to light, ‘to enlighten’.

all wise: all ways, in all manner.

all-gates: always (from ‘algatis’ or ‘allegates’; perhaps derived from the time when cities were fortified with gates as ‘ways’ to enter and exit; hence, ‘all-gates’ prefigures ‘all-ways’, and so ‘always’).

allway/alway: always (found in the “Wycliffe Bible” and the KJV).

ambush: (n, v) lying in wait; treason (from ‘aspies’; also ‘ambushing(s)’).

amend: to mend, put right or correct.

amorrow: the next day, ‘tomorrow’.

and: also (‘also’ found in the “Wycliffe Bible”).

announce: to proclaim without allowing dissent, ‘to command’ (from ‘denounce’).

anon: at once, immediately, straightaway (found in the “Wycliffe Bible” and the KJV).

apert: (adv.) open (survives in ‘aperture’).

apocalypse: revelation.

appareled: attired, dressed, furnished.

apprehend: to grasp, seize, take hold of.

approach: (v) modern  equivalent of ‘to nigh’ (also ‘approacheth’).

araised: raised or lifted up.

architricline: master of a feast.

areach: (v) to give to.

areared: reared or raised up.

areckon: (v) to reckon or take an accounting of (from ‘arette’; ‘reckon’ found in the “Wycliffe Bible”).

argentary: silversmith.

arms: weapons.

asides half: in private (also ‘asides hand’).

assay: (v) to try, test, or prove.

assign: to appoint or ordain (from ‘dispose’; ‘assign’ found in the “Wycliffe Bible”).

assoiled: absolved.

assuage: to alleviate.

astrologer: one who divines destiny by means of movement of heavenly bodies.  The word in the “Later Version” is actually  ‘astronomer’.  However, in the 17th century, ‘astronomer’/‘astrologer’ and ‘astronomy’/‘astrology’ switched meanings and became defined as we know them today.  And so, ‘astrologer’ is used in Wycliffe’s New Testament.

astronomer: see ‘astrologer’ above (also ‘astronomy’).

asunder: into pieces or parts; separated or divided.

attention: from ‘tent’.

atwain: in two; apart.

atwo: in two.

aught: any, anything, something.

author: originator, creator.

avow: (n) a solemn promise, declaration or pledge, a vow or avowal; (v) to make a vow.

 

B

bade: invited; ordered.

bailiff: an overseer of an estate, a steward (from ‘bailee’).

bailiffship: a bailiff’s area of authority or responsibility (from ‘bailey: the surrounding area of a castle contained within its outer walls, or its courtyard’; survives in ‘bailiwick’ and the ‘Old Bailey’, London’s criminal courts).

barbaric: (n) barbarian.

be busy: to care about, or to be concerned about.

be: are (pl. form of verb ‘to be’).

beastly: animal nature; material (vs. spiritual).

befall: to happen or occur (also ‘befell(ed)’).

before-goer: one who goes or went before, a forerunner; one’s superior.

before-going: going before.

before-knew: known before or known for a long time.

before-knowing: knowing before hand, ‘foreknowing’.

before-ordained: fore-ordained.

before-ordinance of worlds: Divine destiny.

before-said: said before, aforesaid, aforementioned.

before-think: to think before, or to have forethought.

before-told: foretold.

before-witting: to know beforehand, foreknowing.

before-written: written (long) before, foreordained.

begotten: engendered, caused to be.

beguiled: deceived.

beguiler: a deceiver.

behest: (n) a command (found in its obsolete meaning of ‘promise’ throughout the “Wycliffe Bible”).

beholden: beheld.

behoove: ought, must, incumbent upon (also ‘behooveth’, ‘behooved’).

belief: (n) faith.

bemourned: mourned over.

beneficence: favours, good services, gifts (from ‘benefice’, which survives as ‘a church office endowed with funds or property’).

benign: kind, gentle, mild.

benignity: goodness, kindness.

beseech: to earnestly implore.

beseechings: (n) earnest requests, supplications, entreaties.

beseem: to be fitting or appropriate, ‘becoming’.

beseemeth to me: seems to me.

beset: to harass, encircle, attack on all sides.

besom: broom or bundle of twigs used for sweeping.

besought: beseeched.

bespat: spat upon.

bespit: to spit upon.

betake: to deliver to, to give over to; to commit to.

betaken: delivered to or given to; committed to.

bethink: to think upon; to remember.

bethought: thought upon or about; remembered.

betook: gave over or delivered to.

betwixt: between.

bewail: to wail over.

beweep: to weep over.

bezant: precious Byzantine coin (of gold or silver) of substantial value, analogous to the British pound of the 14th century.

bilibre: a weight of 2 pounds.

bill: a written statement.

bis: see bisso.

bishopric: office or diocese of a bishop.

bisso: a fine, sheer linen made of stiff, round yarns which give a crisp texture (now used for altar cloths).

blame: (v) to reproach, accuse.

blessfulness: blessedness.

bliss: heaven.

blown: puffed up, inflated.

board: (n) table; dinner; money-changer.

body-like: bodily.

bondman: a servant or slave (survives as ‘bondsman’).

bonds: bondage, captivity; bands.

bound: (n) prisoner.

bowels: see entrails.

brand: (n) torch.

brethren: brothers.

brink: edge or shore of a body of water.

brock: (n) a badger.

broken: stopped (2nd Cor. 11.10).

bruise: (v) to crush or pound into powder.

buffet: (n) a hit or strike; (v) to hit or strike.

buffonery: jesting, ribaldry (from ‘harlotry’).

burgher: a citizen of a town, burgh or city.

busily: diligently.

busyness: diligence; cares, concerns (also ‘busynesses’).

butchery: a slaughterhouse.

by cause: by reason of,because’.

by compass: all around; round about.

by kind: by nature, ‘naturally’.

by row: in order.

 

C

call: from ‘clepen’.

came against: met.

canst: knowest (how to), ‘knows’.

captive: (n) prisoner.

care: (v) to have concern for, or an interest in (something).

cares: (n) concerns or worries.

carrions: dead, putrefying flesh.

cast: (v) to throw.

casting out: (n) that which is discarded, thrown off or out.

casting: (n) vomit (also found as ‘casting-up’).

castle(s): town, village; fortified place, camp, fortress.

cause: reason for something; case; accusation.

caution: a pledge or obligation (to reimburse), a ‘bill to pay’.

chaffer: (v) to trade, bargain, buy and sell.

chalice: a large drinking cup or goblet (survives as the Eucharist cup in which the wine is consecrated).

chamber: room.

changer: money-changer.

changing: money-exchange, exchanging.

charge: (n) burden, load; care, concern; a command; ship’s cargo.

charge: (v) to burden or concern; to command.

chargeable: burdensome.

chargeous: burdensome (see ‘in charge to’).

charity: love.

chattel: personal property.

cheer: (n) face (from Old French).

chide: (v) to scold, rebuke, reproach.

chidings: (n) scoldings, rebukes, reproaches.

child: (n) a servant (pl. children: servants); (v) to give birth to.

chimney: fireplace, furnace, stove.

christen: to baptize (survives in ‘naming during baptism’, and, in particular, ‘to baptizeinfants’).

cistern: an artificial reservoir or tank for water.

clarified:glorified’ (see next entry).

clarify: (v) to make clear, free from all impurities, ‘to glorify’.

clarity: clearness, lucidity, ‘glory’.

cleansings: (n) refuse, that which is cleansed or removed, purgings.

clear: pure; clean; transparent; ‘glorious’.

clearness:glory’.

cleaved: split into parts; adhered to.

cleaveth: to join or adhere to.

cloak: a loose-fitting outer garment (from ‘cloth’, which the “Wycliffe Bible” also uses as the singular of ‘clothes’; survives in ‘man of the cloth’).

cloth: outer garment; singular of clothes (see ‘cloak’ above).

‘clothes: idiomatic abbreviation for ‘swaddling clothes’ (Luke 2:7 and 2:12).

cockles: weeds that grow among grain (also referred to as ‘darnels’ and ‘tares’).

coffin: basket (survives in ‘coffer’).

collects: the gathering of money from church-goers (survives in ‘collection: the weekly giving of money for church expenses’).

collyrium: eye-salve.

colour: false pretence or appearance.

come against: (v) to meet.

comeling: newcomer, stranger (see ‘–ling’ below).

comfort: to make strong or to strengthen; to exhort; to give help, hope or support.

commander: leader, master.

‘common beholding place’: a theatre or public auditorium.

common ward: prison.

communer: one who partakes in the Eucharist.

communing: fellowship; partaking with, or sharing; communion; communication; to empathize with.

company: crowd, multitude of people (also ‘company of people’, ‘companies’, ‘companies of people’).

comparison: (v) to compare (also ‘comparisoned’, ‘comparisoning’).

compass: (v) to go round; to surround.

comprehend: (v) to physically apprehend, grasp, catch, or lay hold of (this usage found in the “Wycliffe Bible” and the KJV); to understand.

compunct: (v) to feel remorse, guilt, or pity (also ‘compuncted’).

compunction: a sense of guilt, remorse, or regret arising from wrong-doing.

concision: division, a faction.

concourse: a crowd or throng of people.

concupiscences: lusts; any immoderate desires.

confirm: to affirm or establish; to make firm or strong, ‘to strengthen’.

confound: to confuse; to amaze or astonish; to be ashamed or put to shame.

confusion: embarrassment; disgrace, shame.

conjuration: a swearing together or conspiracy.

conjure: to adjure or solemnly appeal to.

constable: officer of the law or courts (from ‘cachepollis: sheriff’s officer, enforcer of the law’; perhaps distantly related to ‘police’).

constrain: to coerce or restrain.

continence: (n) self-restraint, moderation, chastity.

continent: (adj.) self-restrained, moderate, sexually chaste.

contrition: remorse, guilt, shame.

conversation: living, or manner of life.

copious: abundant, plentiful.

cor: measure of wheat (8 bushels = 1 cor).

corn: a seed or kernel of a cereal plant.

couch: a bed or enclosed sleeping space, hence ‘bedchamber’.

countenance: face.

covenable: suitable, opportune, fitting, seasonable, in agreement (survives in ‘covenant:(n) an agreement; (v) to agree to’). covenability: opportunity (‘opportunity’ found in the “Wycliffe Bible”).

covent: an assembly or gathering (later became ‘convent’; survives in “Covent Gardens”).

coveting(s): (n) lust, desire; greed.

covetousness: lust, desire; greed, ‘the over-hard keeping of goods’ (from ‘covetise’).

craftsman: artisan (from ‘craftiman’).

cratch: a crib or rack especially for fodder; a trough or open box in a stable designed to hold feed or fodder for livestock; a manger; a stall (survives in ‘crèche: a manager scene; a crib for feed’; see ‘feed-trough’).

creature: man; God’s creation; man’s creations.

crime: wrong-doing; violation of God’s Law.

cruet: a small glass bottle.

culver: dove.

cure: to make well; to take care of or to have concern for something or someone.

curiously: meddlesome behaviour, ‘pryingly’.

currier: one who curries or dresses tanned hides.

curse: (n) damnation.

cutting: rending.

 

D

damnation: eternal punishment.

darked: darkened.

darkful: dark-full, ‘full of darkness’.

darnels: weeds that grow among wheat (also called ‘cockles’ or  ‘tares’).

daunt: to tame; to cow.

days of profession: days of declaring or registering oneself,and so, ‘a census’.

deadly: mortal.

deal: (v) to give or apportion out.

dear-worthy: beloved (sometimes found as ‘dearworth’ in the “Wycliffe Bible”).

decurion: officer  commanding ten horsemen; member of a colony senate.

deem: to judge; to condemn; to damn (also ‘deemest’).

deemer: one who discerns, ‘a judge’ (‘judge’ found in the “Wycliffe Bible”).

deepness: (n) bottomless pit, hell.

deface: to disfigure one’s face.

defame: to slander or libel; to accuse.

defoul: to defile.

defouling: lechery.

delayed: deferred.

delights: great pleasures, luxuries (from ‘delices’).

deliver: to take or surrender to, to give over to; to release.

delve: to dig.

den: a cave; dwelling of animals.

denounce: to attack or condemn openly; to accuse (from ‘defame’; ‘denounce’ found in the “Wycliffe Bible”).

depart: to leave.

deposit: ‘the thing betaken to thee’, i.e., the word of the Lord.

deprave: (v) to corrupt or pervert (from ‘shrewide’; ‘deprave’ found in the “Wycliffe Bible”).

described: to make a detailed word-picture or ‘description’; to contribute information,and so, ‘to participate in a census’.

describing: (n) a condition or situation which is ‘described’, and so, ‘a census’.

desert: deserving; see ‘without desert’.

desolate: deserted, forlorn, destitute of life, joy or comfort.

despise: to loathe, regard as contemptible; to disdain, scorn, or neglect.

despisings: (n) insults, mocking.

despite: (n) contempt, dishonour, insult; malice.

despoiled: stripped; robbed.

despoiling: putting off (of the body).

determined: resolutely or firmly decided.

diadem: crown.

diligently: carefully; industriously.

discharge: (v) unburden.

discipless: female disciple.

discipline: (n) teaching, learning, the state of being informed; (v) to chastise.

discording: conflict, strife, contention, the opposite of being in accordance.

disdain: (n) that which is unworthy of one’s attention; (v) to scorn or feel superior to.

dis-ease:not’ ease, so, distress, trouble, tribulation, difficulty.

dispensation: distribution; exemption from obligation.

dispenser: administrator, steward.

dispose: (v) to put into proper arrangement, position, or order; to transfer to another, as by gift; to assign or ordain.

disputations: arguments, controversy, debate.

dissolved: to depart this life, to die.

distressed: extreme suffering or affliction (from ‘noyen’, which survives in ‘annoy’; ‘distressed’ found in the “Wycliffe Bible”).

distrouble: troubled, disturbed (also ‘distroubled’, ‘distroubling’).

diverseth: is different or distinct from.

domination: that which is ruled over, ‘dominion’.

doom (place): judgment seat, or ‘place of judgment’, often found in the market place.

doom(s): (n) judgment, Divine or legal; condemnation; decrees; law-suits.

doomsman: a judge (see ‘deemer’).

drachma: a silver coin of ancient Greece.

draw: to pull.

drawn to pieces: pulled to pieces (‘to pieces’ implied in the verb, ‘to-drawn’); disembowelled.

dread: (n) fear.

dreaded: (v) feared.

dread-full: ‘full of dread’, fear of the Lord, ‘devout’.

dress: (v) to put into proper alignment, to make straight; to prepare for use; to direct (this usage survives in ‘street address’).

drit: dung, waste; dirt.

dropsy: an accumulation of fluid in body cavities.

dross: refuse or impurity in melted metal, ‘slag’.

drove: (n) a herd or flock, often moving as one.

drown: from ‘drenched’.

duke: nobleman, prince.

dumb: silent; mute.

durst: dare.

‘dwelling city’: a permanent home.

 

E

earth-tiller: worker of the soil, ‘farmer’.

earth-tilling: working the soil to produce crops, ‘farming’.

easiness: a state of ease, without difficulty.

ecstasy: ‘the losing of mind and reason, and hindering of tongue’ (gloss from the “Early Version”).

either: or.

embrace: from ‘biclippe’.

enclosed: contained (within).

encompass: to surround.

end: to become perfect.

endeavoured: attempted, made an effort to (from ‘enforced’).

ended: to be made perfect.

ending: perfection.

endured: made hard, hardened.

enfatted: made fat.

engender: (v) to bring about, create, produce (from ‘gender’).

engolded: gilded.

enhance: to heighten or increase, as in beauty or quality, ‘to exalt’.

enlighten: to give light to, to make brighter; to impart new knowledge to (found only in the “Early Version”).

enmity: deep-seated hostility.

ensample: example (‘both ‘ensample’ and ‘example’ found in the “Wycliffe Bible” and the KJV; ‘example’ found only in the “Early Version”).

ensearch: to search out or into.

enstore: to store up, enclose, or include.

entering in: (n) a visit; (v) to visit.

entrails: idiomatically, one’s children or offspring; also, that which one feels most close to, or deeply about (the KJV uses ‘bowels’ in the same way).

entries: gates or entrances.

entry: (n) a visit; a way to enter, and so ‘an entrance’; (v) to visit.

environ: to encircle or surround (also ‘environed’, ‘environing’)

enwrapped: wrapped. enwrappeth: wraps.

epistle: a letter.

equity: fairness, impartiality, justice.

err: (v) fig., to go astray, that is, to make a mistake; lit., to stray or wander or roam.

eschew: to avoid or shun.

espy: to watch, catch sight of, descry, discover; to spy (also ‘espied’, ‘espying’).

evangel: (n) gospel.

evangelize: to preach the gospel.

even: equal or one’s equal (widespread usage including ‘even-captive’, ‘even-disciples’, ‘even-elders’, ‘even-faith’,  ‘even-fellow’, ‘even-heir’, ‘even-knight’, ‘even-labourer’, ‘even-lineage’, ‘even-prisoner’, ‘even-servant’, even-worthy, even-worker’); evening.

evenness: equality.

even-pence: lit. ‘equal pennies’, the same or equal pay.

eventide: evening.

ever-each: each and every one.

evil-at-ease: sick; distressed.

excellent: exceedingly.

except: with the exclusion of, without, aside from, besides (from ‘outakun: take out’).

excite: to encourage.

excusation: (n) an excuse.

execrable: detestable, extremely bad.

exemplar: a model, pattern, example (from (‘en)saumpler’).

exercitation: (n) exercise, exertion.

expedient: advantageous, profitable.

expedite: hasten or speed (up).

experiment: to make a test or trial, an assay.

expound: to state or declare in detail; to explain or interpret.

 

F

facility: ease, easiness.

faculties: gifts or possessions.

fair: beautiful; seemly.

faithful: ‘full of faith’, believing.

famed: (v) proclaimed, celebrated.

family: from ‘meyne’.

farthing: a small British coin of bronze, worth ¼ of a penny.

fear you: make you have fear or to be afraid.

fearedful: fearful.

feeble: maimed, crippled; weak.

feed-trough: a trough or open box in a stable designed to hold feed or fodder for livestock, a ‘manger’ (from Old French ‘cratch’, which survives in ‘crèche: a crib for feed, as well as a representation of the Nativity or ‘manager’ scene’; see ‘cratch’).

feel: to perceive; to think or judge (also ‘feeled’, ‘feeling’).

feign: to make a false show of or a sham.

fell (wisdom): wicked or deceitful.

fen: marsh, bog.

fescue: a piece of straw, a mote or a speck of dust.

field place: a plain.

fiend: a devil; the Devil.

fiendly: devilish.

figure: (n) form, pattern, example; design.

fill: to supply with as much as can be contained, to become full.

filled: completed, fulfilled; full.

filthhood: dirtiness, shamefulness.

firm: solid, stable, secure (from ‘sad’; also ‘firmer’).

firmness: moral constancy.

fleshly: carnal.

flew: fled (p.t. of flee).

flock: (n) a group of the same type of animals, ‘a herd’.

flood: a great body of flowing water, a stream or river; waves.

flourish: (v) to blossom, flower, or thrive.

flowered: (v) blossomed, revived.

flume: a narrow passageway (natural or manmade) for water, ‘a river’.

flux: (n) a flow or discharge.

foal: colt.

folk(s): nation(s).

follily: foolishly.

folly: foolishness; acting foolish.

fond: foolish.

for why: because; for this reason.

fore-knowing: prescience.

foreyard: an outer court or enclosed front yard.

forsake: to renounce, abandon, relinquish, ‘to leave’.

forsook: renounced, left.

forsooth: ‘for truth’, in truth, certainly.

forswear: to swear falsely, to commit perjury, to break an oath.

forsworn: those who commit perjury or give false testimony.

‘found’: to provide with food and lodging (Deeds 28:7).

foundament: foundation (survives in ‘fundament’, ‘fundamental’).

frail: physically or morally weak.

frauded: defrauded.

frothing: foaming.

froward: disobedient, intractable.

fulfill: to accomplish; to satisfy.

full hieingly: speedily.

full sorry: extremely regretful.

full waxen: reached adulthood, mature, fully grown.

fuller: one that ‘fulls’ or makes cloth thicker and more compact through moistening and beating.

full-fill: to completely fill.

full-filled: full.

G

gab: to lie or spread falsehoods (also ‘gabbing’; survives as ‘to prattle or chatter’).

gainsaid: ‘said-against’, opposed, resisted, or contradicted.

gainsaith: (v) to ‘say-against’, to oppose, resist, or contradict (also “gainsay”).

gainsayer: (n) one who answers back, contradicts, verbally opposes or resists.

gainsaying: (n) ‘saying-against’, answering back, verbally opposing or resisting, contradicting.

garden: from Old French; found in the “Wycliffe Bible”, as well as ‘3erde: yard/ garden’.

garring: (much) talking (survives in ‘garrulous’).

gelding: eunuch.

gender: (v) to cause to be, to beget, ‘to engender’ (also ‘gendereth’).

generation: offspring; creation of offspring; group of individuals born at about the same time (also ‘generations’).

german: closely related by blood or attitude, and so, a partner, comrade, or yoke-fellow.

ghostly: spiritual; spiritually.

gird: to clothe oneself; to make ready (also ‘girded’).

gladded: rejoiced, ‘full out joyed’.

glassen: glassy.

glory: (n) magnificent splendour; worshipful adoration.

glory: (v) to take pride in; to boast or brag about.

glossing: (n) flattery (survives in ‘gloss: a superficial or deceptive appearance’).

go against: go to meet.

gobbet: piece or fragment (also ‘gobbets’).

Godhead: divinity.

goggle-eyed: bulging eyes, from injury or defect.

goods: good things.

gospel: ‘good news’ or ‘glad tidings’, that is, the life and teaching of Jesus Christ.

governance: the exercise of authority.

governor: steersman; shipmaster; ruler, leader.

grace: favour or gift from God; any gift (also ‘graces’).

graces: ‘thanks to God’.

graving: carving, ‘engraving’.

great hunger: famine.

grees: steps or stairway (survives in ‘degrees’).

grievous: burdensome (survives in the idiom of ‘to give one grief’).

grieved: made to feel sorrow or grief.

grind: to gnash (the teeth).

grumble: (v) to complain in a low, muttering manner (from ‘grutchen’; also ‘grumbled’, ‘grumblers’, ‘grumbling’).

grutch: to grumble (survives in ‘grudge’ and ‘grouch’; also spelled ‘grucche’; also ‘gructched’, ‘grutcher’, ‘grutching’).

guess: (v) to suppose or consider; to think.

guileful: deceitful, treacherous.

guiler: deceiver (survives in ‘beguiler’).

guilts: trespasses, transgressions.

 

H

habergeon: breastplate (from ‘haburion’; survives in ‘haber-dasher’).

habit: deportment, disposition, personal custom; apparel.

habitacle: place of habitation (suffix survives in ‘tabernacle’).

had mind: remembered.

haircloth: from ‘heyre’.

half: hand; side.

hallow: